Alternatives for Photoshop

By downloading softwares given below you can do everything without spending a penny.

Photoshop has let down many students and low budget designers, who were unable to make investment for the license fee of the software. One cannot deny that Photoshop is having a huge fan following across the globe but there are many alternatives that you can give you everything without spending a single penny.

 By using these tools, you can do 'almost' every thing that Adobe's software can. The only constraint might be the PSD format, the Photoshop file format which is has become more of an industry standard to exchange layered designs. Though few tools like GIMP do provide options to convert your layered file into PSD format but i would suggest you to consider this point before choosing your free Open Source Alternatives.

#1 GIMP



Gimp is by far the most feature rich and popular open source alternative to Adobe's Photoshop. And it will definitely not let you down. It is a cross-platform software and is supported by a large group of people. However the GIMP team does not officially offer any Windows installation, but is can easily be installed using the Windows installers by Jernej Simon.

GIMP provides a complete suite of tools including paint tools, colour correction, cloning, selection, and enhancement etc.

Price: Free

Platforms: Linux, Mac, Microsoft Windows, FreeBSD, Solaris, AmigaOS 4

#2 Paint.NET

Paint.NET is a free image and photo editing tool for computers. IT runs on Windows. The software features a creative and innovative user interface that supports layering, unlimited undo, special effects etc. Its active and increasing online community can help you with friendly tutorials and plugins.

Price: Free

Platform: Windows 7, Windows Vista, Windows XP

#3 GIMPshop

GIMPshop is popularly known as a software with GIMP's powers and Photoshop's look and feel. It is an altered version of the free software GIMP, which intents to make the Photoshop users feel at home. It includes all GIMP’s advantages like the long feature list and customisations, together with a modified the menu to closely match with Photoshop’s. It has also adjusted its terminologies to match with Adobe’s version.

Price: Free

Platforms: Mac, Linux, Microsoft Windows, Solaris

#4 Pixlr Editor

Pixlr is a powerful web-based photo editor which works at a similar layout like Photoshop CS do. It has a good interface and a whole lot of features like layers, filters, magic wand, styling, texting et al. The best part is that you do not even need a signup or installation, just open the website and get started. And because it is web based you can use it on PCs, smartphones, tablets or any other gadget with internet!

Price: Free

Platforms: All (web based)

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Posted at Monday, October 14, 2013 |  by Rajat Khandelwal

Few Tricks for All The New iOS 7 Users!!

At long last, iOS 7 has arrived. That is, it arrived for everyone who didn’t say “Developer? Oh, yeah, I’m totally a developer. Cough” and wiggle into the Beta months ago.

iOS 7 is a strange new land, especially on day one. Out with the gradients, in with the trippy fluorescents. Your favorite app? It probably looks completely different now.

It can be confusing, but we’re here to help. iOS 7 has all sorts of nifty little tricks tucked away in places that are in no way immediately obvious, especially if you haven’t followed Tim Cook’s every word along the way.

If you’ve been using iOS 7 for a while, you might know some of these. Hell, you might know most of these. But we tried to cover the bases to make sure that most people learn a thing or two. (Know all of these? You’re way cool, high five. Share another trick down in the comments!)

Swipe Down For Search:
search

Gone are the days of having to swipe or tap your way to iOS’ dedicated search page. You can now access Spotlight search from anywhere on the homescreen. Just swipe down in the middle of the screen.

You can use Spotlight to quickly search across your device’s apps, emails, and contacts — but curiously, it seems that Apple has removed Spotlight’s ability to search the web. I’m pretty sure I never actually used that, but this is the Internet so I’m supposed to complain now that it’s gone.

Swipe Up For Toggles:
control panel
Toggles! At last!

Fixing what is perhaps one of iOS’ most glaring, long-lasting omissions, iOS 7 puts one-click access to things like Airplane mode and Wi-Fi/Bluetooth toggles just one swipe away, instead of hiding them in settings.

To get to the new Control Panel, just swipe up from the bottom of the screen anywhere you might be. You’ll get buttons for Airplane mode, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Do Not Disturb, Orientation lock, and sliders for brightness and media control. Oh, and there’s a flashlight in there. So if you were thinking about building a dedicated flashlight app, now is probably not a good time.

(Pro tip: The control panel is available from the lockscreen. Also: if the control panel is sliding out and interrupting your Candy Crushin’ time, you can block it from sliding out while in an app in your settings.)

Reveal iMessage and SMS Timestamps:
timestamp

iOS has always been kind of weird about telling you when a message was sent or received. It’ll tell you when some messages came through — but only if it’s the first one that’s come through in a while in a given thread. If you sent a bunch of messages around 12:45, for example, you’d normally only get that first 12:45 timestamp.

With iOS 7, you can reveal the timestamp for each and every message. Just grab one of the speech bubbles in a thread and swipe to the left. Tada! Timestamps! Never argue about exactly when a message was sent again! (Because, yeah, I’ve had those arguments. Seriously. Sigh.)

Built-In Level:
level
Building a house boat? Hanging a picture? Just want to show off one of the stranger new tricks that your iPhone has picked up?

iOS 7 has a built-in bubble level, of all things. I thought it was a pretty strange addition at first… but then I found myself using it one day. Then again the next.

To get to the level, open the compass app. Though not immediately obvious, there’s a second page to the app; swipe to the left, and you’ll be at Apple’s level.

(Pro tip: Double-tapping the screen resets the level to consider whatever angle the phone is currently at to be 0°. That design choice, expressed through a series of colored flashes, isn’t super intuitive.)

Swipe To Close Safari Tabs:
tabs
Safari has a new, scrolling 3D tab interface that allows for just about as many tabs as you want.

Alas, these tabs also have new, tiny “X” buttons that make closing them quickly a bit of a pain.

Forget the X button — it’s for chumps. Swipe the tabs away to the left, instead. It’s a whole lot faster, and requires less precision when you’re trying to dump a bunch of tabs on the go.

Call/SMS/Facetime Blocking:
Blocked

“Surely, there’s got to be a way to block phone numbers,” said every iPhone user ever.

Really, just type “How to b” into Google and let it autocomplete. First result? “How to block a number.” Second result? “How to block a number on iPhone.” Third result? “How to be happy.” This feature is in greater demand than happiness! Happiness!

Yet, until now, there hasn’t really been an easy way.

With iOS 7, it’s finally a pretty straightforward process to block people from calling, messaging, or FaceTime-ing (FaceTiming? Facing? Agh.) you. You can find the block list at either Settings > Phone > Blocked; Settings > Messages > Blocked; or Settings > FaceTime > Blocked. Note, however, that the block list is universal — block them in the phone settings, and they’re blocked on FaceTime, too.

App-By-App Cell Data Usage/Blockage:
Cell
Want to see which app is using up all of your cell plan’s precious megabytes? Want to keep Pandora from streaming unless it’s on Wi-Fi?

Pop into Settings > Cellular and scroll down to the bottom. You can see which apps have used the most cell data and block any app from using cell data at all. (Note: An app needs to have used cell data at least once for it to show up in the list.)

How To Close Apps:
photo
We’ve had a bunch of requests for this one since this post first went up, so here you go.

Apple changed the App Switching/App Closing mechanism up a bit with iOS 7. It used to be that to close an app, you’d double tap the home button, wait for the app drawer to slide out, then press and hold on an icon until the little “X” appeared.

With iOS 7, the whole thing looks and works a bit more like webOS of yesteryear. Double tap the home button to bring up the fullscreen app switcher, which provides a screenshot of each running application in a sideways-scrolling carousel. To close an application, simply swipe the app’s screenshot up and off the screen.

(Note: You really shouldn’t need to close apps all that often. Unless the app has crashed and refuses to fix itself or it’s doing something that is eating your battery, iOS 7 is designed so that most apps use little to no resources when in the background.)

Bonus Tricks:

Folders can now be paged, allowing them to hold a huge number of apps.
Safari still has private-browsing mode, it’s just in the app itself now instead of hidden away in settings. Find the switch in Safari’s tabs screen.
Airdrop, Apple’s much touted system for wirelessly transferring files to other nearby iPhones, only works with the iPhone 5 and later. (I’ve spotted many a 4S user wasting time trying to figure out how the heck to turn it on, when the option simply isn’t there for them. Don’t worry, I wasted a good 10 minutes myself.)
Miss the “List” view in the calendar app? It’s still there, just not immediately obvious. Tap the search icon to bring up a scrollable list.
If you’re into using default ringtones, give Apple’s list another look. They’ve added a bunch of new trancy ringtones and chiptuney text alerts.
Siri has picked up a bunch of new tricks. You can toggle settings (“Turn On Do Not Disturb”), ask for recent tweets (“What is TechCrunch saying?”), show you pictures (“Show me pictures of cats”) pulled from Bing, provide Wikipedia info inline (“Tell me about TechCrunch”), post to Facebook, play back voicemail, list recently missed calls, and find restaurants on Yelp and make OpenTable reservations.
iOS 7 keeps tabs on where you hang out most, allowing it to cache relevant nearby data. It’s neat, if a bit spooky. Once you’ve used iOS 7 for a while, go to Settings > Privacy > Location Services > System Services to view a list of your frequent haunts. You can also turn this feature off at the same location.
Know any other tricks that we should list? (“LOL SWITCH TO ANDROID” doesn’t count.) 

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Posted at Wednesday, October 09, 2013 |  by Rajat Khandelwal

Most hated Languages by Programmers

Most hated Programming Languages

1. #Python -A top level, multi -purpose programming language with good readability. It is commonly used as a scripting language although it can be compiled too.
Complaints: Indentation being used for specifying block structures in place of brackets or braces. It also makes heavy use of colons and underscores and module/variable name collision.
2. #LabVIEW –This is a development environment for G, a visual, dataflow programming language used for measurement and control systems.
Complaints: The GUI programming approach makes almost the simplest of tasks extremely complex.
3. #JavaScript –It is an interpreted language developed by Netscape to be used for client-side scripting language on web pages.
Complaints: It is case sensitive, has different implementations across browsers, does not have debugging capabilities and has odd inheritance rules.
4. #Tcl –It is an embedded command language that has become into a general purpose scripting language for web applications, network administration and test automation.
Complaints: The syntax is very simple and does not have pointers so there’s no way to pass by reference, the arrays are stored as strings having poor list semantics and confusing variable scoping.
5. #COBOL –This is a language designed for supporting business applications and government administrative functions.
Complaints: It has a very verbose syntax and is incompatible between versions, and, prior to COBOL 2002, it lacked support for object oriented-programming, functions and pointers.
6. #C++ -It is an intermediate-level language made as an extension of C supporting other enhancements like object-oriented programming. It is one of the most popular languages, used in a wide variety of systems and applications.
Complaints: It has a very big feature set with manual memory management, slow compilation speed and permits programmers to switch between object oriented and procedural code in the same program.
7. #PHP –It is an interpreted language commonly used for server-side scripting for generating HTML pages.
Complaints: It has inconsistent naming conventions for its various functions, security holes, no native support for Unicode, and it often gets mixed in with presentation code (e.g., HTML, CSS).
8. #Java –It is an object-oriented language meant for interactive television. It is the most popular programming languages.
Complaints: It has a really verbose syntax and is slow. It’s not easy to pass functions, the API’s are over-engineered and lots of other languages can perform what it performs in a much more efficient manner.

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Posted at Friday, September 27, 2013 |  by Rajat Khandelwal

How to Convert any photo into a Facebook Chat emotion!

Once you have gotten your brain wrapped around that limitation, here's what you need to do in order to use any available  image as Facebook Chat emotion.

Step 1 .  Go to the profile or page which uses the photo you wanted as its profile image.

Step 2.  Take a close look over profile or page URL. Make a note of profile ID it can be a custom Username or Long string of numbers.

Step 3.  Copy that profile ID .

Step 4. Paste that profile ID in between [[   ]] square brackets While chatting or messaging peoples on facebook.

            

  For eg: [[553564964690124]]

Now watch that profile ID (and the double brackets) get converted into corresponding images as soon as you send message.

Enjoy reader!!! :)

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Posted at Sunday, September 22, 2013 |  by Rajat Khandelwal

WINDOWS Run commands

Today we bring you the list of Windows Run commands :-

1. Accessibility Controls - access.cpl
2. Accessibility Wizard - accwiz
3. Add Hardware Wizard - hdwwiz.cpl
4. Add/Remove Programs - appwiz.cpl
5. Administrative Tools - control admintools
6. Automatic Updates - wuaucpl.cpl
7. Bluetooth Transfer Wizard - fsquirt
8. Calculator - calc
9. Certificate Manager - certmgr.msc
10. Character Map - charmap
11. Check Disk Utility - chkdsk
12. Clipboard Viewer - clipbrd
13. Command Prompt - cmd
14. Component Services - dcomcnfg
15. Computer Management - compmgmt.msc
16. Control Panel - control
17. Date and Time Properties - timedate.cpl
18. DDE Shares - ddeshare
19. Device Manager - devmgmt.msc
20. Direct X Troubleshooter - dxdiag
21. Disk Cleanup Utility - cleanmgr
22. Disk Defragment - dfrg.msc
23. Disk Management - diskmgmt.msc
24. Disk Partition Manager - diskpart
25. Display Properties - control desktop
26. Display Properties - desk.cpl
27. Dr. Watson System TroubleshootingUtility -
drwtsn32
28. Driver Verifier Utility - verifier
29. Event Viewer - eventvwr.msc
30. Files and Settings Transfer Tool - migwiz
31. File Signature Verification Tool - sigverif
32. Findfast - findfast.cpl
33. Firefox - firefox
34. Folders Properties - control folders
35. Fonts - control fonts
36. Fonts Folder - fonts
37. Free Cell Card Game - freecell
38. Game Controllers - joy.cpl
39. Group Policy Editor (for xp professional) -
gpedit.msc
40. Hearts Card Game - mshearts
41. Help and Support - helpctr
42. HyperTerminal - hypertrm
43. Iexpress Wizard - iexpress
44. Indexing Service - ciadv.msc
45. Internet Connection Wizard - icwconn1
46. Internet Explorer - iexplore
47. Internet Properties - inetcpl.cpl
48. Keyboard Properties - control keyboard
49. Local Security Settings - secpol.msc
50. Local Users and Groups - lusrmgr.msc
51. Logs You Out Of Windows - logoff
52. Malicious Software Removal Tool - mrt
53. Microsoft Chat - winchat
54. Microsoft Movie Maker - moviemk
55. Microsoft Paint - mspaint
56. Microsoft Syncronization Tool - mobsync
57. Minesweeper Game - winmine
58. Mouse Properties - control mouse
59. Mouse Properties - main.cpl
60. Netmeeting - conf
61. Network Connections - control netconnections
62. Network Connections - ncpa.cpl
63. Network Setup Wizard - netsetup.cpl
64. Notepad - notepad
65. Object Packager - packager
66. ODBC Data Source Administrator -
odbccp32.cpl
67. On Screen Keyboard - osk
68. Outlook Express - msimn
69. Paint - pbrush
70. Password Properties - password.cpl
71. Performance Monitor - perfmon.msc
72. Performance Monitor - perfmon
73. Phone and Modem Options - telephon.cpl
74. Phone Dialer - dialer
75. Pinball Game - pinball
76. Power Configuration - powercfg.cpl
77. Printers and Faxes - control printers
78. Printers Folder - printers
79. Regional Settings - intl.cpl
80. Registry Editor - regedit
81. Registry Editor - regedit32
82. Remote Access Phonebook - rasphone
83. Remote Desktop - mstsc
84. Removable Storage - ntmsmgr.msc
85. Removable Storage Operator Requests -
ntmsoprq.msc
86. Resultant Set of Policy (for xp professional) -
rsop.msc
87. Scanners and Cameras - sticpl.cpl
88. Scheduled Tasks - control schedtasks
89. Security Center - wscui.cpl
90. Services - services.msc
91. Shared Folders - fsmgmt.msc
92. Shuts Down Windows - shutdown
93. Sounds and Audio - mmsys.cpl
94. Spider Solitare Card Game - spider
95. SQL Client Configuration - cliconfg
96. System Configuration Editor - sysedit
97. System Configuration Utility - msconfig
98. System Information - msinfo32
99. System Properties - sysdm.cpl
100. Task Manager - taskmgr
101. TCP Tester - tcptest
102. Telnet Client - telnet
103. User Account Management - nusrmgr.cpl
104. Utility Manager - utilman
105. Windows Address Book - wab
106. Windows Address Book Import Utility - wabmig
107. Windows Explorer - explorer
108. Windows Firewall - firewall.cpl
109. Windows Magnifier - magnify
110. Windows Management Infrastructure -
wmimgmt.msc
111. Windows Media Player - wmplayer
112. Windows Messenger - msmsgs
113. Windows System Security Tool - syskey
114. Windows Update Launches - wupdmgr
115. Windows Version - winver

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Posted at Thursday, September 19, 2013 |  by Rajat Khandelwal

10 Programming Languages That Will Change The IT World

Dart

This was created by Google to counter the weakeness that comes on JavaScript when it works with web applications in large numbers. The Dart language, Google hopes, will become the new vernacular of web programming. It uses uses C-like syntax and keywords. One significant difference, however, is that while JavaScript is a prototype-based language, objects in Dart are defined using classes and interfaces, as in C++ or Java. Dart also allows programmers to optionally declare variables with static types.


Ceylon

This language is being developed by Gavin King who has denied that the language being developed at Red Hat, is meant to be a "Java killer." Among King's gripes are Java's verbose syntax, its lack of first-class and higher-order functions, and its poor support for meta-programming. In particular, he's frustrated with the absence of a declarative syntax for structured data definition, which he says leaves Java "joined at the hip to XML." Ceylon aims to solve all these problems.


Go

Google is understood to have created a programming language called Golang, or Go. This, say some tech analysts, might just end up replacing Java altogether. This language is a general-purpose programming code that works on everything from application development to systems programing. While it is still a work in progress, and the language specification may change, developers can actually start working with it today itself.


F#

This has been popular for a long time with computer scientists and academia. F# (pronounced "F-sharp"), is a Microsoft language that has been designated to be both functional and practical. Given the fact that it is a first-class language on the .Net Common Language Runtime (CLR), it can access all of the same libraries and features as other CLR languages, such as C# and Visual Basic.


Opa

Web development is too complicated. Even the simplest web app requires countless lines of code in multiple languages: HTML and JavaScript on the client, Java or PHP on the server, SQL in the database, and so on. Opa doesn't replace any of these languages individually. Rather, it seeks to eliminate them all at once, by proposing an entirely new paradigm for Web programming. In an Opa application, the client-side UI, server-side logic, and database I/O are all implemented in a single language, Opa.


Fantom

Should you develop your applications for Java or .Net? If you code in Fantom, you can take your pick and even switch platforms midstream. That's because Fantom is designed from the ground up for cross-platform portability. The Fantom project includes not just a compiler that can output bytecode for either the JVM or the .Net CLI, but also a set of APIs that abstract away the Java and .Net APIs, creating an additional portability layer.


Zimbu

This particular language takes its particles and components from languages across the board and is the brainchild of Bram Moolenaar. He was the creator of the Vim text editor. The language is slated to be fast, concise, portable, and easy-to-read. Its syntax is unique and idiosyncratic, yet feature-rich. It uses C-like expressions and operators, but its own keywords, data types, and block structures. It supports memory management, threads, and pipes. Portability is a key concern. Although Zimbu is a compiled language, the Zimbu compiler outputs ANSI C code, allowing binaries to be built only on platforms with a native C compiler.


X10

This is a parallel processing language that works was once a specialised niche of software development. However, with the increase in multicore CPUs and distributed computing, today's programming languages aren't keeping pace with the trend. This is why IBM Research is developing X10, a language designed specifically for modern parallel architectures, with the goal of increasing developer productivity "times 10." X10 handles concurrency using the partitioned global address space (PGAS) programming model. Code and data are separated into units and distributed across one or more "places," making it easy to scale a program from a single-threaded prototype (a single place) to multiple threads running on one or more multicore processors.


haXe

haXe (pronounced "hex") is more than just any random portable language. It is a multi-platform language, which is capable of targeting diverse operating environments, that range from native binaries to interpreters and virtual machines. It can be used by developers and then compiled into object code, JavaScript, PHP, Flash/ActionScript, or NekoVM bytecode today.


Chapel

This is a brilliant language to work with in a world characterised by high-performance computing. The languge was designed with supercomputing and clustering in mind, and is part of Cray's Cascade Program, an ambitious high-performance computing initiative funded in part by the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Project Agency (DARPA). Chapel's syntax draws from numerous sources. In addition to the usual suspects (C, C++, Java), it borrows concepts from scientific programming languages such as Fortran and Matlab. Its parallel-processing features are influenced by ZPL and High-Performance Fortran, as well as earlier Cray projects.


Source :EFY Times.com

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Posted at Saturday, September 07, 2013 |  by Rajat Khandelwal

List of Free And Useful Software For Your Daily Use

Some freewares are well known and then there are others that are equally useful, but not as well known. Enough talk though, here’s the list.

1.) utorrent: This is a light and easy to use application that has gained popularity all over the world. It has its own torrent search engine and consumes very little memory. It isn’t the most stylish application, but is super useful and fast.

2.) PDFCreator: PDF files are good, as long as you don’t have to make them youself. But wait, just use PDFCreator. It is a quick and easy way to convert your documents into the .pdf format. It is easy to use but has some drawbacks, like lack of password protection or encryption.

3.) OpenOffice.org: It has been said time and again, Microsoft Office is an expensive software, but everyone needs MS Word or PowerPoint. So, what to do? Use OpenOffice.org, by Sun Microsystems, which is the same company that gives you your Java updates. It is the ideal replacement for MS Office and it’s completely free.

4.) Cobian Backup: Backing up data is very important and losing data because you forgot to back it up is the most annoying thing that can happen. Supported by Microsoft, Cobian Backup is a good and easy to use backup software that you can use.

5.) Avira: Developed by Avira GmbH, a German antivirus company, this application is based on the AntiVir scan engine, which is called Like Filewalker. It is free and quite easy to use, offering protection from malware, spyware, dialers, worms etc. It has very high detection rates. Perhaps the only problem is that since version 8, there have been no developments in the software.

6.) Avidemux: The video editor that comes with Apple’s Macbook is pretty strong, but you have to buy an Apple for it, which is expensive. Avidemux is an open source video editor, which was written in C++ and supports a huge range of video and audio formats. It is not very user friendly though.

7.) Connectify: This Windows 7 application is free and useful. It can turn your laptop into a Wi-Fi hotspot, which allows you to share your internet connection with others. Pretty much similar to tethering in Android phones.

8.) Cacheman: You may have heard of this. This is a Windows tune up utility that was designed in order to increase the speed and stability of a computer. It does so by optimising the caches, recovering RAM and also fine tuning various system settings.

9.) AutoHotKey: Ever had tasks that you have to do repeatedly? Well, use this software for them. This is a free open source software, which allows users to automate tasks that are repetitive in nature.

10.) VLC Media Player: Top of the lot and perhaps the most popular open source freeware application is the VLC Media Player. It is a very powerful multimedia player. It can also encode and stream multimedia and supports many different formats. Perhaps its greatest utility is the fact that you can play almost any format without having to download an additional codec for it.

Source: Fortystones.com

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Posted at Friday, September 06, 2013 |  by Rajat Khandelwal

File Structure in Linux

Most of the people who are new to Linux are confused about directories and File structure on Linux. When you boot any Linux distribution ‘root partition’ is mounted at /. Every files and folder are mounted under /. You don’t find any drive name like (C, D) etc in Linux(if it is not dual booted). Moreover In Linux, program are located in different directories. For examples less command is located under /usr/bin directory. Therefore the directory structure of Linux/Unix is intimidating especially for the users who have migrated from windows.

Difference between Linux and Windows File Structure

In windows almost all the program files are installed in ‘program file” by default unless user specify the specific directory. In Linux directory system are categories on the basis of structure of program. For example configuration files are in /etc, all binary files are in /bin or /usr/bin or /usr/local/bin and so on.

Windows file Structure

\Folder\subfolder\file.txt

Linux File Structure

/Folder/subfolder/file.txt

The basic difference is:

Linux/Unix always use forward slash to denote filesystem hierarchy whereas windows use backslash.

Understanding File system in Linux/Unix

Image credit: skill2die4@yahoo.com
Image source: reddit

/bin: 

• Contains the executable programs that are part of the Linux operating system.


• Many Linux commands such as cat, cp, ls, more, and tar are located in /bin.


• Example ls, cat, cp.

/dev:

• All the devices like input devices, sound card, modems are stored.


• It is a virtual directory that contains devices files.


• Example : /dev/udp, /dev/urandom, /dev/sda1

/etc

• Contains config folder of entire operating system.


• All the global setting like ssh, telnet, and smtp/pop3 mail servers.


• Also contains system’s password file like group lists, user skeletons, and cron jobs.


• Example: /etc/resolv.conf, /etc/logrotate.conf

/home

• Default directory for users to store the personal files.


• Example /home/saugat, /home/sachit

/sbin

• contains binary executables typtically used by system admnistrator only available to root.


• Mostly used for system maintenance purpose


• Commands such as mount, shutdown, umount, reside here


• Example: /sbin/halt/ /sbin/ip6tables

/usr

• contains shareable and read only data


• contains binaries, libraries, documentation and source code for second level program

/usr/bin : Contains executable files for many Linux commands. It is not part of the core Linux operating system.
/usr/include : Contains header files for C and C++ programming languages
/usr/lib : Contains libraries for C and C++ programming languages.
/usr/local : Contains local files. It has a similar directories as /usr contains.
/usr/sbin : Contains administrative commands.
/usr/share : Contains files that are shared, like, default configuration files, images, documentation, etc.
/usr/src : Contains the source code for the Linux kernel.

/var

Includes user specific files such as mail message, database of installed programs, log files etc.


/var/cache: Storage area for cached data for applications.
/var/lib: Contains information related to the current state of applications. Programs modify this when they run.
/var/lock: Contains lock files which are checked by applications so that a resource can be used by one application only.
/var/log: Contains log files for different applications.
/var/mail: Contains users emails.
/var/opt: Contains variable data for packages stored in /opt directory.
/var/run: Contains data describing the system since it was booted.
/var/spool: Contains data that is waiting for some kind of processing.
/var/tmp: Contains temporary files preserved between system reboots

/tmp

• All the temporary files are store here.


• The files under this directory are deleted when system is rebooted.


• For example: when new program is installed it use /tmp/ to put files during installation that won’t be needed after the program is installed.

/mnt

• Default location for mouting devices like cdrooms, floppy disk dries, USB memory sticks etc.


• Example : /mnt/cdroom

/proc

• contains information about system process


• virtual file system that contains information about file system.


• Example /proc/cpuinfo, /proc/swaps

/lib

• share libraries are stored(perl, python, C, etc.)


• /lib/ are also a kernel modules


• Example: ld-2.11.1.so, libncurses.so.5.7

/opt

• Config file for add on Application software are found here.


• Third party application should be installed in this directory.

/root

• Home directory of system administrator.’root’.


• Root user has write privilege under this directory

/boot

• Contains everything required for boot process.


• Stores data that is used before the kernel begins executing user-mode program.


• Example: /boot/boot.b, /boot/chain.b, /boot/config-kernel-version

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Posted at Wednesday, September 04, 2013 |  by Rajat Khandelwal

Prevent Your Site From Being Hacked

The numbers of sites are being hacked so fast with the growth of web technology. There are lots of websites which we see experienced damage, their ranking is affected and the data is stolen. The high quality hosting companies have taken various security measures to protect the servers. There are many security tips to prevent your site from being hacked when it is hosted on shared hosting.

Software companies regularly release updates to their programs. Updates can also bring growth to your pc software. If you are using the outdated versions of software on your website then your website will be highly in the state of risk. It is better that you have enabled automatic update tool if it is available for particular software or script as against forget.
You can install external plugins, use widgets and can apply any other code to your website. The code which you borrow from other people you must sure that code is safe to your website. If you install 3rd party scripts without consideration of danger, the mischievous will make use of your bug and gains access to your site.



It is best to use powerful passwords so that the hackers will not access your website. If your computer is infected with a Trojan or virus then the passwords can be easily be stolen so for this you should make sure that virus scanner and Trojan software is updated which keeps your pc clean and virus free. Like there are security passwords which will prevent virtual casino accounts from being hacked.

There are so many people who lose their files or even whole website because they did not keep the backup for their website. You can keep the backup for your website within control Panel simply by clicking on the Backup Wizard icon you will be able to generate a full backup of all of your files and databases.

It is recommended to check your logs files regularly which give you an easy way to check who is visiting your site and if you find out unusual traffic to your website then you must be aware from where this traffic is coming from and going to. If you are sure that there is a hack you can ask your web host for help as soon as possible.

If you have so many websites then host each website on different hosting accounts. The problem comes with shared hosting is that if the one site in the server is hacked then all of your other sites in the same server will be hacked.

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Posted at Tuesday, September 03, 2013 |  by Rajat Khandelwal

Five Free Anti-Virus Software For Your Device

It is important to protect our phones and tablets with the help of anti-virus software. Among the best anti-virus software present in the market and those that are also available for free are highlighted below. Let’s take a look at each one of them along with their specifications.

1.Bitdefender – This is among the most popular and widely used anti-virus software for PCs. The software can be used for Android devices as well. As cited on techsearch.org, the app has quite a number of advantages. A few of the most prominent ones are -
-Autopilot – it automatically scans any new installed application.
-Quick scanning with zero effect on battery.
- It is for free and can be downloaded from Playstore.

2) Lookout Security – This is a very good software for Android phone. It has been installed by 40 million users. Some of its important features include -
-Anti theft and mobile tracker.
-Gives security from malware and threats.
-It is available for free.

3) AVG – This is one of the best and is the most popular one in the PC arena. It is also the most sought after anti-virus app on Android devices. Listed below are its features -
- Locates your phone if it’s stolen through Google Maps.
- Eliminates any task that may slow your device.
- Scans the web in a secure manner.
- It is for free.

4) Avast - Avast quickly scans viruses and is a must have app for every smartphone. Its important features include -
- It prevents from malware and spyware by blocking them.
- It can locate your phone via web based phone locate feature.
- It has a remote device lock memory wipe that keeps all your data safe and sound.
- It is for free.

5) ESET mobile Security – This is a reliable anti-virus software and its features include -
- It gives realtime protection.
-It keeps the device secure even if it goes missing.
-It is free. 

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Posted at Friday, August 30, 2013 |  by Rajat Khandelwal